and the historical Jesus: they too refer to Jesus on earth. The ambiguity is compounded by the fact that, to a theologian, the very phrase “earthly Jesus” may imply existence in heaven either before the incarnation or after the resurrection.16 Because of this lack of clarity in the concept, I will not use “earthly Jesus” as a major category in this book. One important ramification of these distinctions is that scholars should not write glibly that, in a given story, the Gospels depict or fail to
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